Module Overview

This module explores the status and recent trends of some of the building blocks of the energy system, as well as technology advancements that are enabling the integration of higher shares of variable renewable electricity.

13 %

share of global electricity from variable renewables (wind and solar power)

1.5 TW

renewable power projects in advanced stages of development or under review awaiting grid connection as of end-2022

159 %

maximum daily penetration of variable renewables in Denmarkʼs electricity system

KEY FACTS

Global electricity demand increased 27% between 2013 and 2023, putting pressure on existing power grids. In many locations, distributed generation is growing faster than grid capacity.

Utility-scale battery storage grew 120% in 2023.

Pumped storage remains the most common solution for large-scale utility storage.

Investment in hydrogen increased 203% in 2023 to reach USD 10.4 billion. The bulk of hydrogen production worldwide continues to come from fossil fuel sources.

Deployment of renewable energy technologies has increased sharply in the past two decades – particularly in the power sector, driven by the rapid expansion of solar photovoltaics (PV) and wind power. ¹ The share of variable renewable energy (wind and solar) in power systems globally exceeded 13% in 2023, with much higher shares (up to 67%) in some countries. ² (See Box 1.) As deployment grows, integrating variable energy sources to achieve high shares in utility grids remains a major challenge.

Existing transmission and distribution systems were developed alongside traditional centralised power generation facilities. This allowed for high shares of large-scale, baseload energy generation (such as coal and nuclear power) while also including flexible generation sources (such as fossil gas and hydropower). Much more flexibility is needed to incorporate increasingly decentralised and variable renewable power resources, and to enable demand-side management. ³ Moreover, the overall growth in electricity demandⁱ – up 27% globally between 2013 and 2023 – is putting pressure on existing power grids: in many locations, distributed generation is growing faster than grid capacity. ⁴

Through integrated energy planning, countries and jurisdictions can assess the status of their energy systems, set objectives such as targets for decarbonisation and the deployment of renewables, and plan for the infrastructure needed to reach these goals. ⁵ Holistic energy planning includes all energy sectors, beyond power. Heat generation from renewable sources such as geothermal, solar thermal, bioenergy, and waste heat can be integrated into the overall design of energy systems. ⁶ (See Snapshot: Europe). In the transport sector, an integrated approach can be taken through the use of renewable fuels, electrification, and a focus on demand reduction through active mobility (cycling and walking) and public transport. Integrated energy planning can reduce electricity demand, increase renewable energy uptake and alleviate pressure on power grids. ⁷

Power system planning can include assessments of flexibility needs and integration across energy market segments (for example, considering developments in both generation and transmission), as well as across energy demand sectors that are rapidly electrifying, such as transport and buildings. ⁸

Power networks carry all sources of electricity, regardless of the generation technology. However, optimising these networks makes it possible to effectively integrate higher shares of variable renewable energy, while coping with increased electricity generation and consumption. This requires optimising or expanding the existing transmission and distribution infrastructure, implementing forecasting methods and demand response measures (often through the use of digital technologies), using energy storage, and coupling electricity generation with other sectors. ⁹

BOX 1. Countries with High Shares of Variable Renewable Power Generation

In 2023, several countries successfully relied on high shares of variable renewable power generation. Denmark led with 67% of its gross electricity from variable renewables (57% wind, 10% solar), and five other countries achieved shares above 40%: Lithuania (46% wind, 12% solar), Greece (22% wind, 19% solar), the Netherlands (24% wind, 17% solar), Spain (24% wind, 17% solar) and Portugal (29% wind, 10% solar). Uruguay (36% wind, 3% solar), Chile (12% wind, 19% solar) and Australia (12% wind, 17% solar) also have incorporated high shares of variable generation. (See Figure 1.)

FIGURE 1. — Note: The figure shows the countries with the highest shares according to the best available data at the time of publication. Several smaller countries with low total generation are excluded from this list. For Chile and Uruguay, the maximum daily share is replaced by the average yearly renewable electricty share, as data were not available at the time of publication.
Source: See endnote 2 for this module.

Grid optimisation and expansion attracted growing policy attention and investment in 2023.

Grids are the backbone of the electricity system, allowing power loads to flow from generation centres to points of consumption. Grid congestion occurs when the grid capacity is not sufficient to transport the power loads. ¹⁰ In many places around the world, the installed capacity of renewable power has grown faster than the network capacity. By the end of 2022, 1.5 terawatts of renewable power projects in advanced stages of development or under review were awaiting connection to grids. ¹¹ The amount of renewable power generation that was “dispatched down” ⁱⁱ because of curtailment and system constraints also increased in 2023. ¹²

During the year, several countries and regions – including Argentina, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, the European Union (EU), India, Japan, the Netherlands, South Africa and the United States – announced significant investments and reforms to enhance their electricity grids. ¹³ Global investment in power grid infrastructure reached USD 310.2 billion in 2023, led by investments in the United States and China. ¹⁴

Regional interconnections and market integration are crucial for grid reliability, flexibility and security of supply. ¹⁵ Ongoing interconnection projects in 2023 included the Lao PDR-Thailand-Malaysia-Singapore Power Integration Project (LTMS-PIP), the Celtic Interconnector between France and Ireland, the Italy-Greece sub-sea cable in Europe, the Egypt-Saudi Arabia electricity link in the Middle East and North Africa region, the Zimbabwe, Zambia, Botswana, Namibia (ZiZaBoNa) and the Zambia-Tanzania-Kenya (ZTK) interconnectors in Africa, the Andean Electrical Interconnection System (SINEA) and the Regional Energy Integration of the Southern Cone (SIESUR) in South America and several transmission line projects in the United States. ¹⁶

Digitalisation for grid flexibility and optimisation – including the use of virtual power plants (VPPs) and grid-enhancing technologies – continued to attract policy and market attention during the year. ¹⁷ Together with the roll-out of smart meters to manage demand-side flexibility, these technologies have been deemed effective for integrating growing shares of renewables and ensuring stable and efficient grid operation. ¹⁸ Several policies also emerged in 2023 to promote the development of microgrids. ¹⁹

Utility-scale battery storage grew 120% in 2023 to reach 55.7 gigawatts (GW) globally. ²⁰ The growth was led by China, the United States, the United Kingdom, Germany, and Ireland, while Australia, the Republic of Korea and Japan also remained important markets in 2023. ²¹

The world added 6.48 GW of pumped storage capacity in 2023 – down 38% from the previous year's additions – for a global total of 179 GW. ²² Pumped storage remains the most common solution for large-scale utility storage, being cost-effective in many regions. ²³

Sector coupling facilitates higher shares of renewables by providing the system flexibility required by variable renewables – for example, by linking the power sector with the heating and cooling sector (to meet thermal needs) and with the transport sector (to charge electric vehicles). Other applications, such as power-to-hydrogen transformations, also are being explored. ²⁴

Renewable hydrogen continued to attract attention in 2023, with 7 countries announcing or revising their hydrogen strategies or roadmaps, bringing the total number of countries with strategies or roadmaps to 55. ²⁵ Investment in renewable hydrogen increased 203% to reach USD 10.4 billion (of which 84% was for electrolysers). ²⁶

The expansion of electric vehicle (EV) charging infrastructure is essential to support the growing electrification of the transport sector. However, it introduces new constraints and opportunities to consider in power network optimisation, such as increased uncertainty around power demand and load times, but also increased flexibility through targeted charging hours and bi-directional charging. ²⁷ As of 2023, 20 jurisdictions (including the EU) had regulatory and fiscal and financial policies for EV charging infrastructure, up from 14 jurisdictions in 2022; meanwhile, 8 new jurisdictions introduced targets for the deployment of EV charging infrastructure, for a total of 33 jurisdictions having such targets. ²⁸

Snapshot.EUROPE

Harnessing Waste Heat from Data Centres

In 2022, data centres worldwide consumed around 460 terawatt-hours (TWh) of electricity – equivalent to 2% of the global total and more than the annual electricity consumption of France. In Ireland, data centres used 20% of the country's electricity supply in 2023, and this share could reach 70% by 2030. Around 40% of a data centre's total energy use is for cooling, and excess heat is released into the atmosphere through cooling towers or evaporative condensers, literally throwing this heat away.

Harnessing Waste Heat from Data Centres

Many data centres are installing renewables such as wind and solar power to power their facilities. However, finding ways to optimise and store large amounts of produced energy is key. Across Europe, many examples of recycling the heat from data centres have emerged. In 2010, the Finnish information technology company Academica installed a 2 megawatt (MW) data centre in the caves beneath Helsinki's Orthodox Uspenski Cathedral. In the Gronigen region of the Netherlands, a large data centre is connected to the district heating grid. Similarly, in Tallaght, Ireland, a district heating network was built to harness waste heat from an Amazon data centre to supply hot water. Waste heat from data centres is being used to heat sea water at a land-based lobster farm In Norway, to grow algae on-site in Germany and to supply the heat network of a hospital in Austria.

Data centres consumed 2% of the global electricity demand in 2022.

In the UK, a public swimming pool is heated by an on-site data centre, and up to 150 public swimming pools are exploring ways to recycle excess heat. In Scotland, the University of Edinburgh is recovering heat from its data centres to supply university buildings.

Challenges remain to scale such applications, as large data centres are often located in industrial zones outside of residential areas, potentially far from customers who might want to utilise the heat. Furthermore, to be useful for certain applications, the low-temperature heat that most data centres produce must be compressed into higher-grade heat, a process that can be prohibitively expensive. In some places, the waste heat from heavy industries such as smelting or incineration facilities is better suited for the district heating market.Source: See endnote 6 for this module.

Source: See endnote 6 for this module.

Electricity Grids

Footnotes

i Key factors contributing to the rapid growth in electricity demand include: the ongoing electrification of end-use sectors (residential, transport and industry), improving economic outputs in both advanced and emerging economies, expansion of data centres and the increased demand for cooling in the face of extreme heat.

ii Dispatch down occurs when the transmission system operator instructs a renewable power generator to produce less electricity than it is able to, or even to stop generation entirely.

See REN21, “Renewables 2024 Global Status Report: Energy Supply Module”, 2024, https://www.ren21.net/gsr-2024/modules/energy_supply/01_global_trends. 1
See REN21, “Renewables 2024 Global Status Report: Energy Supply Module”, 2024, https://www.ren21.net/gsr-2024/modules/energy_supply/01_global_trends. Box 1 and Figure 1 from the following sources: Ember, “Global Electricity Review”, 2024, https://ember-climate.org/app/uploads/2024/05/Report-Global-Electricity-Review-2024.pdf; Uruguay from Ministry of Industry, Energy and Mines, “Balance Energético Preliminar 2023: El Consumo Del Sector Industrial Creció 20%, Debido a La Puesta En Marcha De UPM II”, 2023, https://www.gub.uy/ministerio-industria-energia-mineria/comunicacion/noticias/balance-energetico-preliminar-2023-consumo-del-sector-industrial-crecio-20; Chile from National Electricity Coordinator, “Sistema Eléctrico Redujo 21% Sus Emisiones En 2023 Y Se Espera Que Siga Creciendo Participación De Energía Renovable Variable”, 11 January 2024, https://www.coordinador.cl/novedades/sistema-electrico-redujo-21-sus-emisiones-en-2023-y-se-espera-que-siga-creciendo-participacion-de-energia-renovable-variable. 2
International Renewable Energy Agency, “Power System Flexibility for the Energy Transition: Overview for Policy Makers”, 2018, https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/%20%20%20%20Publication/2018/Nov/IRENA_Power_system_flexibility_1_2018.pdf; International Energy Agency, “Executive Summary – Electricity Grids and Secure Energy Transitions”, 2023, https://www.iea.org/reports/electricity-grids-and-secure-energy-transitions/executive-summary. 3
Ember, “Global Electricity Review”, 2024, https://ember-climate.org/app/uploads/2024/05/Report-Global-Electricity-Review-2024.pdf; International Energy Agency, “Executive Summary – Electricity Grids and Secure Energy Transitions”, 2023, https://www.iea.org/reports/electricity-grids-and-secure-energy-transitions/executive-summary. See also REN21, “Renewables 2024 Global Status Report: Energy Supply Module”, 2024, https://www.ren21.net/gsr-2024/modules/energy_supply/01_global_trends. 4
International Renewable Energy Agency, “Planning”, accessed 2 July 2024, https://www.irena.org/Energy-Transition/Planning. 5
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Table of Contents

Preface

Module Content

Annex

Preface

MODULE CONTENT

Annex

Preface

MODULE CONTENT

Annex

Preface

Module Content

Annex

Preface

Module Content

Annex

Map of Snapshots

List of Downloads

GLOBAL OVERVIEW

RENEWABLES IN ENERGY DEMAND

RENEWABLES IN ENERGY SUPPLY

RENEWABLE ENERGY SYSTEMS AND INFRASTRUCTURE

RENEWABLES FOR ECONOMIC & SOCIAL VALUE CREATION

RENEWABLES 2024
GLOBAL STATUS REPORT

Renewable Energy Systems
and Infrastructure

Module Overview

KEY FACTS

BOX 1. Countries with High Shares of Variable Renewable Power Generation

FIGURE 1.Top Countries for Share of Variable Renewable Electricity Generation, and Maximum Daily Penetration, 2023

Snapshot.EUROPE

Harnessing Waste Heat from Data Centres

Harnessing Waste Heat from Data Centres

Footnotes

Preface

Module Content

Annex

Preface

MODULE CONTENT

Annex

Preface

MODULE CONTENT

Annex

Preface

Module Content

Annex

Preface

Module Content

Annex

RENEWABLES 2024GLOBAL STATUS REPORT

Renewable Energy Systems and Infrastructure

Module Overview

KEY FACTS

BOX 1. Countries with High Shares of Variable Renewable Power Generation

FIGURE 1.Top Countries for Share of Variable Renewable Electricity Generation, and Maximum Daily Penetration, 2023

Snapshot.EUROPE

Harnessing Waste Heat from Data Centres

Harnessing Waste Heat from Data Centres

Footnotes

RENEWABLES 2024
GLOBAL STATUS REPORT

Renewable Energy Systems
and Infrastructure