RENEWABLES 2024
GLOBAL STATUS REPORT

Renewables in Energy Demand

2024

RENEWABLES IN BUILDINGS

Image

The buildings sector is a significant energy consumer, and the adoption of renewable energy sources such as solar panels and energy-efficient systems is contributing to the reduction of carbon emissions.

30
% of total energy consumed is in the buildings sector
15.9
% of energy used in the buildings sector comes from renewables
30
countries had regulatory policies for the use of renewables in buildings by the end of 2023

KEY FACTS

The share of renewables in the energy demand of buildings increased to 15.9% in 2021, up from 11.3% in 2011. Renewable energy provided 11.5% of the heat consumed in buildings, showing an increase of 0.5%.

The share of electricity in total final energy demand in buildings has risen from 30% in 2010 to 35% in 2022.

Estonia, Ireland, and Poland have launched various subsidy schemes to encourage the adoption of renewable energy heating systems, including heat pumps.

Sector Overview

Buildings account for around one-third of global energy demand and carbon emissions, with direct energy consumption i in buildings representing 30% of global final energy consumption in 2022. 1 As of 2021, around 15.9% of the energy demand in buildings was met by modern renewable sources ii (See Figure 11.), up from 11.3% in 2011. 2 Renewable energy share of heat consumed in buildings stood at 11.5% in 2021, an increase of 0.5%. 3

Energy consumption in buildings varies greatly around the world, including among the top energy-consuming countries. 4 (See Figure 12.) Energy is consumed in buildings mainly for space and water heating, space cooling, cooking, lighting, and powering of appliances and electronics iii . This use takes various forms, such as electricity, fuels and direct thermal renewable energy.

Thermal applications accounted for around three-quarters of the final energy consumption in buildings in 2021, with the remaining quarter being electricity used to power appliances i . 5 The share of electricity in the total final energy demand of buildings has increased from 30% in 2010 to 35% in 2022, in parallel with a shift towards renewables. 6 Space cooling is the largest growth sector among energy end-uses in buildings, rising more than 5% in 2022. 7

FIGURE 11.Renewable Share of Total Final Energy Consumption in Buildings, 2011 and 2021

FIGURE 11.

Source: See endnote 2 for this section.

The share of electricity in the total final energy demand of buildings has increased from 30% in 2010 to 35% in 2022.

The deployment of heat pumps (See Box 1.), electric boilers and other electric heating systems has helped drive a shift towards renewable electricity to heat buildings. 8 (See Figure 13.) This has boosted the use of renewables in the heat sector in China, the European Union (EU), and the United States, although the transition has been gradual. 9

FIGURE 12.Energy Consumption in Buildings by Major Country/Region, 2021

FIGURE 12.

Source: See endnote 4 for this section.

Improvements in the efficiency of building envelopes and of end-uses within buildings are helping to improve the economics of renewable energy applications, supporting the deployment of adjacent technologies such as heat pumps. Solar PV, wind power and other renewable energy technologies are increasingly competitive with fossil fuels owing to falling technology costs, increased efficiency, and the impetus for strengthening energy security and independence. 10 Innovations in generation technologies and energy storage continue to enhance efficiency and reliability while also bringing down costs, making renewables suitable for a wide range of applications in the built environment. 11

Image

FIGURE 13.Energy Consumption for Heating in Buildings, by Source, 2011 and 2021

FIGURE 13.

Source: See endnote 8 for this section.

Footnotes

i Around one-third of the primary energy supply is dissipated through conversion inefficiencies, losses, and various processes, notably in electricity generation. The section does not cover the embodied energy in building materials and construction.

ii This excludes the traditional use of biomass – that is, the burning of woody biomass or charcoal as well as dung and other agricultural residues – in simple and inefficient devices to provide energy for residential cooking and heating in developing and emerging economies.

iii The two main energy end-uses in buildings are thermal and electrical. Thermal end-uses refer to space heating and cooling, water heating and cooking (including the electricity used to provide heating and cooling).

iv Appliances include lighting and other electricity-based services (cooking appliances, electronics and charging devices), excluding those used for heating and cooling.

  1. United Nations Environment Programme, “2023 Global Status Report for Buildings and Construction: Beyond Foundations – Mainstreaming Sustainable Solutions to Cut Emissions from the Buildings Sector”, March 2024, https://doi.org/10.59117/20.500.11822/45095. 1
  2. Figure 11 from International Energy Agency, World Energy Statistics Database, 2023, www.iea.org/statistics, all rights reserved, as modified by REN21. 2
  3. International Energy Agency, World Energy Statistics Database, 2023, www.iea.org/statistics, all rights reserved, as modified by REN21. 3
  4. Figure 12 from International Energy Agency, World Energy Statistics Database, 2023, www.iea.org/statistics, all rights reserved, as modified by REN21. 4
  5. International Energy Agency, World Energy Statistics Database, 2023, www.iea.org/statistics, all rights reserved, as modified by REN21. 5
  6. International Energy Agency, “Renewables 2023: Analysis and Forecast to 2028”, 2023, https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/96d66a8b-d502-476b-ba94-54ffda84cf72/Renewables_2023.pdf. 6
  7. International Energy Agency, “Space Cooling”, accessed 6 May 2024, https://www.iea.org/energy-system/buildings/space-cooling. 7
  8. Box 1 from the following sources: three to five times from International Energy Agency (IEA), “The Future of Heat Pumps”, 2022, https://doi.org/10.1787/2bd71107-en; new policies from REN21, “REN21 Policy Database”, 2023; Estonia from IEA, “EUR 80 Million for Apartment Buildings Retrofits – Policies”, 9 May 2023, https://www.iea.org/policies/17146-eur-80-million-for-apartment-buildings-retrofits; Ireland from IEA, “Support Scheme for Renewable Heat – Expanded Grants – Policies”, 11 May 2023, https://www.iea.org/policies/17361-support-scheme-for-renewable-heat-expanded-grants; Poland from IEA, “2023 Clean Air Programme Extension – Policies”, 20 April 2024, https://www.iea.org/policies/17230-2023-clean-air-programme-extension; Emiliano Bellini, “Slovakia Offers $156.1 Million for 2023 Residential PV, Heat Pump Rebates”, pv magazine International, 13 July 2023, https://www.pv-magazine.com/2023/07/13/slovakia-offers-156-1-million-for-2023-residential-pv-heat-pump-rebates. Figure 13 from IEA, “Heating – Analysis”, 2022, https://www.iea.org/reports/heating.8
  9. International Energy Agency, “Space Cooling”, accessed 6 May 2024, https://www.iea.org/energy-system/buildings/space-cooling. 9
  10. International Energy Agency, “Space Cooling”, accessed 6 May 2024, https://www.iea.org/energy-system/buildings/space-cooling. 10
  11. International Energy Agency, “Space Cooling”, accessed 6 May 2024, https://www.iea.org/energy-system/buildings/space-cooling. 11
  12. International Energy Agency, “The Energy Efficiency Policy Package: Key Catalyst for Building Decarbonisation and Climate Action – Analysis”, 6 September 2023, https://www.iea.org/commentaries/the-energy-efficiency-policy-package-key-catalyst-for-building-decarbonisation-and-climate-action. 12
  13. Box 2 from UN Environment “The Buildings Breakthrough: Global Push for near-Zero Emission and Resilient Buildings by 2030 Unveiled at COP28”, 12 June 2023, http://www.unep.org/news-and-stories/press-release/buildings-breakthrough-global-push-near-zero-emission-and-resilient. 13
  14. REN21, “REN21 Policy Database”, 2023.14
  15. European Council, “Renewable Energy: Council Adopts New Rules”, 9 October 2023, https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2023/10/09/renewable-energy-council-adopts-new-rules. 15
  16. Government of Portugal, “Updated National Energy and Climate Plan – Portugal”, 2023, https://commission.europa.eu/system/files/2023-07/EN_PORTUGAL%20DRAFT%20UPDATED%20NECP.pdf. 16
  17. European Commission, “Slovenia – Draft Updated NECP 2021-2030”, 13 July 2023, https://commission.europa.eu/publications/slovenia-draft-updated-necp-2021-2030_en; European Commission, “Latvia – Draft Updated NECP 2021-2030”, 15 December 2023, https://commission.europa.eu/publications/latvia-draft-updated-necp-2021-2030_en. 17
  18. Energy Foundation China, “China's 14th Five-Year Plans on Renewable Energy Development and Modern Energy System”, 5 September 2022, https://www.efchina.org/Blog-en/blog-20220905-en.18
  19. Heinrich Böll Stiftung, “China's Climate Transition: Outlook 2023”, 2023, https://www.boell.de/de/2023/11/27/chinas-climate-transition-outlook-2023. 19
  20. European Council, “Renewable Energy: Council Adopts New Rules”, 9 October 2023, https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2023/10/09/renewable-energy-council-adopts-new-rules. 20
  21. REN21, “REN 21 Policy Database”, 2023.21
  22. Government of Denmark, “National Energy and Climate Plan – Denmark”, 2023, https://commission.europa.eu/system/files/2023-07/EN_DENMARK%20DRAFT%20UPDATED%20NECP.pdf; Government of Croatia, “Updated Energy and Climate Plan – Croatia”, 2023, https://commission.europa.eu/system/files/2023-07/CROATIA_%20DRAFT%20UPDATED%20NECP%202021%202030%20%282%29_0.pdf. 22
  23. Susana Paardekooper et al., “Heat Roadmap Europe Quantifying the Impact of Low-carbon Heating and Cooling Roadmaps”, 2018, https://vbn.aau.dk/ws/portalfiles/portal/288075507/Heat_Roadmap_Europe_4_Quantifying_the_Impact_of_Low_Carbon_Heating_and_Cooling_Roadmaps..pdf. 23
  24. Susana Paardekooper et al., “Heat Roadmap Europe Quantifying the Impact of Low-carbon Heating and Cooling Roadmaps”, 2018, https://vbn.aau.dk/ws/portalfiles/portal/288075507/Heat_Roadmap_Europe_4_Quantifying_the_Impact_of_Low_Carbon_Heating_and_Cooling_Roadmaps..pdf. 24
  25. Heat Roadmap Europe, “Heat Roadmaps”, accessed 30 April 2024, https://heatroadmap.eu/roadmaps. 25
  26. Figure 14 from REN21, “REN21 Policy Database”, 2023.26
  27. REN21, “REN21 Policy Database”, 2023.27
  28. Japanese Housing Finance Agency, “JHF Activities – Flat 35 Home Loan”, 2023, https://www.jhf.go.jp/files/400348582.pdf. 28
  29. International Renewable Energy Agency, “Renewable Energy in District Heating and Cooling, A Sector Roadmap for REmap”, 2017, https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2017/Mar/IRENA_REmap_DHC_Report_2017.pdf?rev=4a5c685d39ee42fc905257adeed461d5. 29
  30. GOV.UK, “Energy Security Bill Factsheet: Heat Networks Regulation and Zoning (Updated 20 March 2023)”, 2023, https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/energy-security-bill-factsheets/energy-security-bill-factsheet-heat-networks-regulation-and-zoning.30
  31. Neil Merrett, “First Funding Awarded via the Green Heat Network Fund”, Heating and Ventilation News, 11 January 2023, https://www.hvnplus.co.uk/news/first-funding-awarded-via-the-green-heat-network-fund-11-01-2023.31
  32. Energistyrelsen, “Tilskudsordningen til etablering af eldrevne varmepumper og solvarmeanlæg til produktion af fjernvarme åbner for ansøgninger den 1. juni 2023”, 17 May 2023, https://ens.dk/presse/tilskudsordningen-til-etablering-af-eldrevne-varmepumper-og-solvarmeanlaeg-til-produktion-af; Government of Denmark, “National Energy and Climate Plan – Denmark”, 2023, https://commission.europa.eu/system/files/2023-07/EN_DENMARK%20DRAFT%20UPDATED%20NECP.pdf.32
  33. European Commission, “State Aid: Commission Approves €1.2 Billion Czech Scheme”, 16 December 2022, https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/ip_22_7680. 33
  34. International Energy Agency, “The Future of Cooling in Southeast Asia”, 2019, https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/dcadf8ee-c43d-400e-9112-533516662e3e/The_Future_of_Cooling_in_Southeast_Asia.pdf.34
  35. Arjun Flora and Gerard Wynn, “New Incentives Brighten Turkey's Rooftop Solar Sector”, Institute for Energy Economics & Financial Analysis, 1 December 2019, https://ieefa.org/resources/new-incentives-brighten-turkeys-rooftop-solar-sector. 35
  36. International Energy Agency, “Photovoltaics on the Roof Programme – Policies”, 11 May 2023, https://www.iea.org/policies/17357-photovoltaics-on-the-roof-programme. 36
  37. Tom inverter, “Bulgaria Launches Household Solar Rebate Scheme”, PV magazine International, 11 May 2023, https://www.pv-magazine.com/2023/05/11/bulgaria-launches-household-solar-rebate-scheme. 37
  38. “PM Modi Launches New Rooftop Solar Power Scheme: What It Is, Why It Is Needed”, The Indian Express, 22 January 2024, https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/modi-launches-new-rooftop-solar-scheme-pradhan-mantri-suryodaya-yojana-9122514. 38
  39. Elizabeth Mbithe, “Kenya Gazettes Regulations for Solar Water Heating Industry”, Pumps Africa, 16 January 2023, https://pumps-africa.com/solar-water-heating-industry. 39
  40. Global Alliance for Buildings and Construction, “2023 Global Status Report for Buildings and Construction”, United Nations Environment Programme, 2023, https://wedocs.unep.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.11822/45095/global_status_report_buildings_construction_2023.pdf. 40
  41. Funke Fakunle et al., “Major Barriers to the Enforcement and Violation of Building Codes and Regulations: A Global Perspective”, SPC Journal of Environmental Studies, 2 (1 March 2020): 12-18, https://www.sciencepubco.com/index.php/JES/article/view/30371/16248. 41
  42. International Energy Agency, “All Countries Targeted for Zero-Carbon-Ready Codes for New Buildings by 2030”, 2022, https://www.iea.org/reports/all-countries-targeted-for-zero-carbon-ready-codes-for-new-buildings-by-2030-2. 42
  43. Global Alliance for Buildings and Construction, “2023 Global Status Report for Buildings and Construction”, United Nations Environment Programme, 2023, https://wedocs.unep.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.11822/45095/global_status_report_buildings_construction_2023.pdf43
  44. Pooja Chandak, “Turkey Introduces New Energy Efficiency Regulations For Buildings”, SolarQuarter, 4 January 2023, https://solarquarter.com/2023/01/04/turkey-introduces-new-energy-efficiency-regulations-for-buildings. 44
  45. US Department of Energy, “Biden-Harris Admin Announces $530 Million for Building Energy Efficiency & Resilience to Cut Consumer Costs”, CleanTechnica, 20 December 2023, https://cleantechnica.com/2023/12/19/biden-harris-admin-announces-530-million-for-building-energy-efficiency-resilience-to-cut-consumer-costs. 45
  46. Nordic Sustainable Construction, “Buildings' Life Cycle Assessments Gain Ground in the Nordics”, 2 January 2023, https://nordicsustainableconstruction.com/news/2023/january/denmark-introduces-co2-limit-for-new-constructions. 46
  47. European Commission, “Nearly Zero-energy Buildings”, accessed April 2024, https://energy.ec.europa.eu/topics/energy-efficiency/energy-efficient-buildings/nearly-zero-energy-buildings_en.47
  48. European Commission, “Nearly Zero-energy Buildings”, accessed April 2024, https://energy.ec.europa.eu/topics/energy-efficiency/energy-efficient-buildings/nearly-zero-energy-buildings_en.48
  49. Kevin Lockhart, “Making a Net-Zero Emissions Building Code by 2024 a Reality”, Efficiency Canada, 31 January 2022, https://www.efficiencycanada.org/net-zero-emissions-building-code-by-2024. 49
  50. Jennifer Henderson, “New Building Codes Coming to Nova Scotia, But Still Concerns About Meeting Energy Efficiency Standard”, Halifax Examiner, 25 September 2023, http://www.halifaxexaminer.ca/economy/energy/new-building-codes-coming-to-nova-scotia-but-still-concerns-about-meeting-energy-efficiency-standard; City of Victoria, “Low Carbon New Buildings”, accessed 6 February 2024, https://www.victoria.ca/community-culture/climate-action/climate-friendly-homes/low-carbon-new-buildings. 50
  51. Canada Green Building Council, accessed April 2024, https://www.cagbc.org.51
  52. REN21, “Renewables 2012 Global Status Report”, 2012, https://www.ren21.net/Portals/0/documents/activities/gsr/GSR2012.pdf. 52
  53. Government of Ireland, “Major Package of Supports to Protect Families, Households, and Businesses in Budget 2023”, 27 September 2022, https://www.gov.ie/en/press-release/19ec4-department-of-the-environment-climate-and-communications-drives-major-package-of-supports-to-protect-families-households-and-businesses-including-600-electricity-credit-to-immediately-help-with-energy-bills-this-winter. 53
  54. International Energy Agency, “Green Fund for the Local Acceleration in Ecological Transitions – Policies”, 11 May 2023, https://www.iea.org/policies/16430-green-fund-for-the-local-acceleration-in-ecological-transitions. 54
  55. International Energy Agency, “BAM 12.6 Million for Energy Efficiency – Policies”, 11 May 2023, https://www.iea.org/policies/17455-bam-126-million-for-energy-efficiency; International Energy Agency, “EUR 40 Million for Energy Efficiency Renovations of Public Buildings – Policies”, 20 April 2023, https://www.iea.org/policies/17392-eur-40-million-for-energy-efficiency-renovations-of-public-buildings. 55
  56. European Commission, “Energy Performance of Buildings Directive”, accessed April 2024, https://energy.ec.europa.eu/topics/energy-efficiency/energy-efficient-buildings/energy-performance-buildings-directive_en.56
  57. International Energy Agency, “Appliances and Equipment”, accessed April 2024, https://www.iea.org/energy-system/buildings/appliances-and-equipment.57
  58. International Energy Agency, “Energy Efficiency 2023”, 2023, https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/dfd9134f-12eb-4045-9789-9d6ab8d9fbf4/EnergyEfficiency2023.pdf. 58
  59. International Energy Agency, “Updated MEPS – Central Air Conditioners and Heat Pumps – Policies”, 13 October 2020, https://www.iea.org/policies/11456-updated-meps-central-air-conditioners-and-heat-pumps; US Department of Energy, “DOE Finalizes Efficiency Rules for Room Air Conditioners and Portable Air Cleaners”, 23 March 2023, https://www.energy.gov/articles/doe-finalizes-efficiency-rules-room-air-conditioners-and-portable-air-cleaners.59
  60. REN21, “REN21 Policy Database”, 2023.60
  61. Bundesregierung, “New Heating Systems: Using Renewable Energy Sources as of 2024”, 19 April 2023, https://www.bundesregierung.de/breg-en/issues/new-building-energy-act-2185010; Sarah Azau, “German Heating Law: Watered Down but End Goal Unchanged”, European Heat Pump Association, 12 September 2023, https://www.ehpa.org/news-and-resources/news/german-heating-law-watered-down-but-end-goal-unchanged. 61
  62. International Energy Agency, “Heat Strategy 2050 – Policies”, 16 May 2023, https://www.iea.org/policies/17483-heat-strategy-2050. 62
  63. European Council for an Energy Efficient Economy, “Austria to Ban Gas Boilers in New Buildings as of 2023”, 14 June 2022, https://www.eceee.org/all-news/news/austria-to-ban-gas-boilers-in-new-buildings-as-of-2023. 63
  64. Nicolas Rauline, “Interdiction des chaudières à gaz: le gouvernement fait marche arrière”, Les Echos, 27 July 2023, https://www.lesechos.fr/industrie-services/energie-environnement/interdiction-des-chaudieres-a-gaz-le-gouvernement-fait-marche-arriere-1966165. 64
  65. Rachel Ramirez Nilsen Ella, “New York Becomes the First State to Ban Natural Gas Stoves and Furnaces in Most New Buildings”, CNN, 3 May 2023, https://www.cnn.com/2023/05/03/us/new-york-natural-gas-ban-climate/index.html. 65
  66. Werner Weiss and Monika Spörk-Dür, “Solar Heat Worldwide Edition 2023”, International Energy Agency Solar Heating and Cooling Programme, 2023, https://www.iea-shc.org/Data/Sites/1/publications/Solar-Heat-Worldwide-2023.pdf. 66
  67. Werner Weiss and Monika Spörk-Dür, “Solar Heat Worldwide Edition 2023”, International Energy Agency Solar Heating and Cooling Programme, 2023, https://www.iea-shc.org/Data/Sites/1/publications/Solar-Heat-Worldwide-2023.pdf. 67
  68. International Energy Agency, “World Energy Investment 2023”, 2023, https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/8834d3af-af60-4df0-9643-72e2684f7221/WorldEnergyInvestment2023.pdf. 68
  69. International Energy Agency, “Energy Efficiency 2023”, 2023, https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/dfd9134f-12eb-4045-9789-9d6ab8d9fbf4/EnergyEfficiency2023.pdf. 69
  70. International Energy Agency, “World Energy Investment 2023”, 2023, https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/8834d3af-af60-4df0-9643-72e2684f7221/WorldEnergyInvestment2023.pdf. 70
  71. International Energy Agency, “World Energy Investment 2023”, 2023, https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/8834d3af-af60-4df0-9643-72e2684f7221/WorldEnergyInvestment2023.pdf. 71
  72. International Energy Agency, “World Energy Investment 2023”, 2023, https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/8834d3af-af60-4df0-9643-72e2684f7221/WorldEnergyInvestment2023.pdf. 72
  73. International Energy Agency, “World Energy Investment 2023”, 2023, https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/8834d3af-af60-4df0-9643-72e2684f7221/WorldEnergyInvestment2023.pdf. 73
  74. Jessica Casey, “The Land of Ice and Fire: Iceland's Renewable Scene”, Energy Global, 13 December 2023, https://www.energyglobal.com/special-reports/13122023/the-land-of-ice-and-fire-icelands-renewable-scene; Orkustofnun, “Heat”, accessed April 2024, https://orkustofnun.is/en/information/numerical_data/heat; International Energy Agency, “World Energy Balances 2020: Extended Energy Balances”, August 2022, https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/data-product/world-energy-balances, all rights reserved, as modified by REN21. 74
  75. International Energy Agency, “World Energy Balances 2020: Extended Energy Balances”, August 2022, https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/data-product/world-energy-balances, all rights reserved, as modified by REN21. 75
  76. European Commission, “Bioenergy Report Outlines Progress Being Made Across the EU”, 27 October 2023, https://energy.ec.europa.eu/news/bioenergy-report-outlines-progress-being-made-across-eu-2023-10-27_en. 76
  77. Umweltbundesamt, “Renewable Energies in Figures”, 11 June 2013, https://www.umweltbundesamt.de/en/topics/climate-energy/renewable-energies/renewable-energies-in-figures. 77
  78. Ministry of Energy Transition, “Objectif 2030 et Situation Actuelle de La France | Chiffres Clés Des Énergies Renouvelables 2023”, 2023, https://www.statistiques.developpement-durable.gouv.fr/edition-numerique/chiffres-cles-energies-renouvelables-2023/4-objectif-2030-et-situation-actuelle. 78
  79. International Energy Agency, “The Future of Heat Pumps”, 2022, https://doi.org/10.1787/2bd71107-en. 79
  80. International Renewable Energy Agency, “The Renewable Energy Transition in Africa: Country Studies for Côte d'Ivoire, Ghana, South Africa, Morocco and Rwanda”, 2021, https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2021/March/Renewable-Energy-Transition-Africa_Country_Studies_2021.pdf; African Development Bank, “$1 Million: Sustainable Energy Fund for Africa Grant to Drive Electric Mobility Shift in Seven African Countries”, 31 January 2023, https://www.afdb.org/en/news-and-events/press-releases/1-million-sustainable-energy-fund-africa-grant-drive-electric-mobility-shift-seven-african-countries-58650. 80
  81. Lizzie Stricklin, “New Study Shows Clean Energy Transition Thrives in 2023, Boosted by Federal Policies”, The Business of Sustainable Energy, 21 February 2024, https://bcse.org/new-study-shows-clean-energy-transition-thrives-2023-boosted-federal-policies; Solar Energy Industries Association, “Solar Market Insight Report 2023 Year in Review”, 2023, https://www.seia.org/research-resources/solar-market-insight-report-2023-year-review; Connor O'Neil, “Renewables Rescue Stability as the Grid Loses Spin”, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15 September 2020, https://www.nrel.gov/news/features/2020/renewables-rescue-stability-as-the-grid-loses-spin.html. 81
  82. Anh Nguyet Phamneha Mukhi, “The Caribbean's Clean-Energy Potential: From Fuel Trap to Resilient Hub”, World Bank, 19 December 2023, https://blogs.worldbank.org/en/latinamerica/caribbean-clean-energy-resilient-hub. 82
  83. Kate Hassen, “Changes to Energy Efficiency Ratings”, Construction, Energy Efficiency, Procurement & Project Management Courses Online”, 14 February 2023, https://www.transformed.com.au/nathers/changes-to-energy-efficiency-ratings; Master Builders Association, “New National Construction Code Effective 1 May 2023”, 2023, https://www.mbansw.asn.au/system/files/2023-04/05%20of%202023%2020%20Apr%20New%20National%20Construction%20Code.pdf. 83
  84. International Energy Agency, “Executive Summary – Australia 2023”, 2023, https://www.iea.org/reports/australia-2023/executive-summary. 84
  85. International Energy Agency, “Executive Summary – Australia 2023”, 2023, https://www.iea.org/reports/australia-2023/executive-summary. 85
  86. International Energy Agency, “Executive Summary – New Zealand 2023”, 2023, https://www.iea.org/reports/new-zealand-2023/executive-summary. 86
  87. International Renewable Energy Agency, “MENA's Transforming Role in an Evolving Energy Landscape”, 26 October 2023, https://www.irena.org/News/expertinsights/2023/Oct/MENAs-Transforming-Role-in-an-Evolving-Energy-Landscape; Matthieu De Clercq, “Steps Towards a Net Zero GCC: A Dispatch from FII6”, OliverWyman, October 2022, https://www.oliverwyman.com/our-expertise/insights/2022/oct/steps-towards-net-zero-gcc-dispatch-from-fii6.html.87
  88. International Energy Agency, “Renewables 2023”, 2023, https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/96d66a8b-d502-476b-ba94-54ffda84cf72/Renewables_2023.pdf. 88
  89. International Energy Agency, “Approximately 100 Million Households Rely on Rooftop Solar PV by 2030”, 2022, https://www.iea.org/reports/approximately-100-million-households-rely-on-rooftop-solar-pv-by-2030.89
  90. International Energy Agency Photovoltaic Power System Programme, “Snapshot of Global PV Markets – 2023”, 2023, https://iea-pvps.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/IEA_PVPS_Snapshot_2023.pdf. Note that there is some uncertainty in the data due to a lack of standardised reporting for alternating current and direct current.90
  91. Beatriz Santos, “Global Rooftop PV Additions Soar by 50% to 118 GW in 2022”, pv magazine International, 13 June 2023, https://www.pv-magazine.com/2023/06/13/global-rooftop-pv-additions-soar-by-50-to-118-gw-in-2022. 91
  92. Snapshot: Germany from the following sources: Erneuerbare Energien Hamburg, “Solarpotenzialstudie Für Hamburg. Nicht Nur Schietwetter in Hamburg!” March 2023, https://www.solarzentrum-hamburg.de/site/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/EEHH-Solarpotenzialstudie.pdf; German Federal Government, “Development of Renewable Energies”, 23 December 2022, https://www.bundesregierung.de/breg-de/schwerpunkte/klimaschutz/amendment-of-the-renewables-act-2060448; Hamburg News, “Two-Thirds of Demand for Electricity Could Be Met by Solar Energy”, 4 May 2023, https://hamburg-business.com/en/news/two-thirds-demand-electricity-could-be-met-solar-energy; Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg, “Klimaschutzgesetz”, 1 January 2024, https://www.hamburg.de/klimaschutzgesetz; Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg, “Solar Energy”, 2024, https://www.hamburg.com/energy-supply/17042818/solar-energy; Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg, “Photovoltaik-Pflicht: Hamburg nutzt Solarenergie”, 2024, https://www.hamburg.de/klimaschutzgesetz/17318142/photovoltaik-pflicht; German Federal Government, “Mehr Solarstrom, weniger Bürokratie”, 26 April 2024, https://www.bundesregierung.de/breg-de/aktuelles/solarpaket-photovoltaik-balkonkraftwerke-2213726; Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Climate (BMWK), “Renewable Energy”, 2024, https://www.bmwk.de/Redaktion/EN/Dossier/renewable-energy.html; Solarwissen Selfmade Energy, “Solar-Städteranking 2022: (Fast) alle Städte errichten mehr PV-Anlagen”, accessed 10 May 2024, https://solarwissen.selfmade-energy.com/deutschland-ranking-solar-2022.92
  93. International Energy Agency Photovoltaic Power System Programme, “Enabling Framework for the Development of BIPV”, accessed 6 May 2024, https://iea-pvps.org/research-tasks/enabling-framework-for-the-development-of-bipv; Becquerel Institute, “BIPV Status Report 2020”, 2020, https://solarchitecture.ch/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/201022_BIPV_web_V01.pdf; ICLEI–Local Governments for Sustainability, “Urban Wind Power”, 2020, https://renewablesroadmap.iclei.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/Urban-Wind-Power_final-1.pdf.93
  94. International Energy Agency, “Renewables 2023”, 2023, https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/96d66a8b-d502-476b-ba94-54ffda84cf72/Renewables_2023.pdf. 94
  95. International Energy Agency, “Renewables 2023”, 2023, https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/96d66a8b-d502-476b-ba94-54ffda84cf72/Renewables_2023.pdf. 95
  96. International Energy Agency, World Energy Statistics Database, 2023, www.iea.org/statistics, all rights reserved, as modified by REN21. 96
  97. International Energy Agency, “Solar Thermal Technologies Deployed in Around 400 Million Dwellings by 2030”, 2022, https://www.iea.org/reports/solar-thermal-technologies-deployed-in-around-400-million-dwellings-by-2030. 97
  98. International Energy Agency Solar Heating and Cooling Programme, “Solar Heat for Cities, Towns and Energy Communities”, accessed 17 November 2023, http://task68.iea-shc.org/Data/Sites/1/publications/Solar-District-Heating-Info-Package-of-IEA-SHC-Task-68.pdf. 98
  99. International Energy Agency, “Renewables 2023”, 2023, https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/96d66a8b-d502-476b-ba94-54ffda84cf72/Renewables_2023.pdf. 99
  100. J.W. Lund and A.N. Toth, “Direct Utilization of Geothermal Energy 2020 Worldwide Review”, Proceedings World Geothermal Congress 2020+1 Reykjavik, Iceland, April – October 2021, https://www.geothermal-energy.org/pdf/IGAstandard/WGC/2020/01018.pdf. 100
  101. International Energy Agency, “Renewables 2023”, 2023, https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/96d66a8b-d502-476b-ba94-54ffda84cf72/Renewables_2023.pdf. 101
  102. International Energy Agency, “District Heating – Energy System”, accessed 6 May 2024, https://www.iea.org/energy-system/buildings/district-heating. 102
  103. International Energy Agency, “District Heating – Energy System”, accessed 6 May 2024, https://www.iea.org/energy-system/buildings/district-heating. 103
  104. Euroheat & Power, “DHC Market Outlook Insights & Trends”, 2023, https://api.euroheat.org/uploads/DHC_Market_Outlook_Insights_Trends_2023_36d6fe8924.pdf; Sem Oxenaar, Richard Lowes and Jan Rosenow, “Warming Up to It: Principles for Clean, Efficient and Smart District Heating”, Regulatory Assistance Project, 2 November 2023, https://www.raponline.org/knowledge-center/warming-up-to-it-principles-clean-efficient-smart-district-heating. 104
  105. Werner Weiss and Monika Spörk-Dür, “Solar Heat Worldwide Edition 2023”, International Energy Agency Solar Heating and Cooling Programme, 2023, https://www.iea-shc.org/Data/Sites/1/publications/Solar-Heat-Worldwide-2023.pdf. 105
  106. International Energy Agency Solar Heating and Cooling Programme, “Mixed Solar Thermal Market Development in 2022”, 14 June 2023, https://www.iea-shc.org/Data/Sites/1/media/documents/press/2023-06-14--solar-heat-worldwide-press-release.pdf; Bärbel Epp, “New Milestones on the German Solar District Heating Market”, Solar Thermal World, 19 December 2023, https://solarthermalworld.org/news/new-milestones-on-the-german-solar-district-heating-market. 106
  107. Werner Weiss and Monika Spörk-Dür, “Solar Heat Worldwide Edition 2023”, International Energy Agency Solar Heating and Cooling Programme, 2023, https://www.iea-shc.org/Data/Sites/1/publications/Solar-Heat-Worldwide-2023.pdf.107
  108. Bärbel Epp, “37 MW Solar District Heating Plant in the Netherlands with Outstanding Features”, Solar Thermal World, 11 November 2022, https://solarthermalworld.org/news/37-mw-solar-district-heating-plant-in-the-netherlands-with-outstanding-features. 108
  109. Werner Weiss and Monika Spörk-Dür, “Solar Heat Worldwide Edition 2023”, International Energy Agency Solar Heating and Cooling Programme, 2023, https://www.iea-shc.org/Data/Sites/1/publications/Solar-Heat-Worldwide-2023.pdf. 109
  110. ASHRAE, “Solar-Assisted Air Conditioning: What Engineers Need to Know”, ASHRAE Journal Newsletter, 8 September 2020, https://www.ashrae.org/news/ashraejournal/solar-assisted-air-conditioning-what-engineers-need-to-know.110
  111. Meticulous Market Research Pvt Ltd, “Southeast Asia Air Conditioners Market to Be Worth $8.66 Billion by 2030”, GlobeNewswire News Room, 28 August 2023, https://www.globenewswire.com/en/news-release/2023/08/28/2732630/0/en/Southeast-Asia-Air-Conditioners-Market-to-be-Worth-8-66-Billion-by-2030-Exclusive-Report-by-Meticulous-Research.html. 111
  112. United Nations Environment Programme, “Cambodia Sets Example for Climate Action in the Cooling Sector”, 3 September 2023, http://www.unep.org/technical-highlight/cambodia-sets-example-climate-action-cooling-sector; United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific, “Cambodia Announces Its National Cooling Action Plan”, 17 November 2022, https://www.unescap.org/news/cambodia-announces-its-national-cooling-action-plan. 112
  113. Government of South Africa, “South Africa National Cooling Plan (NCP)”, 2023, https://eta-publications.lbl.gov/sites/default/files/sa_ncp_full_report_2023.pdf.113
  114. Fortune Business Insights, “District Cooling Market Size [2023-2030] Worth $44.46 Billion”, GlobeNewswire News Room, 17 October 2023, https://www.globenewswire.com/en/news-release/2023/10/17/2761170/0/en/District-Cooling-Market-Size-2023-2030-worth-44-46-Billion-Growing-Demand-for-Sustainable-and-Energy-Efficient-Cooling-Solutions-and-Rising-Installation-of-DC-Technology-to-Expedit.html. 114
  115. Snapshot: Africa from the following sources: Ayat Soliman and Saroj Kumar Jha, “Closing the Access Gap for Water and Sanitation in Eastern and Southern Africa: Raising the Ambition”, World Bank, 27 March 2023, https://blogs.worldbank.org/en/water/closing-access-gap-water-and-sanitation-eastern-and-southern-africa-raising-ambition; World Health Organization, “Electricity in Health-Care Facilities”, 31 August 2023, https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/electricity-in-health-care-facilities; Sustainable Energy for All, “1 in 7 People Globally Currently at High Risk Due to Lack of Access to Cooling”, 17 May 2022, https://www.seforall.org/press-releases/1-in-7-people-globally-currently-at-high-risk-due-to-lack-of-access-to-cooling; International Energy Agency, “Africa Energy Outlook 2022”, 2022, https://www.iea.org/reports/africa-energy-outlook-2022; SophiA, “Sustainable Off-Grid Solutions for Pharmacies and Hospitals in Africa”, 21 March 2024, https://sophia4africa.eu; SophiA, “SophiA Solar Cooling Container”, accessed May 2024, https://sophia4africa.eu/sophia-solar-cooling; SophiA, “SophiA Solar Water Container”, accessed May 2024, https://sophia4africa.eu/sophia-solar-water-container; GEA, “What Are Natural Refrigerants?” accessed May 2024, https://www.gea.com/en/campaigns/natural-refrigerants/natural-refrigerants-climate-neutral; Institute for Energy Research, “Environmental Impacts of Lithium-Ion Batteries”, Institute for Energy Research, 11 May 2023, https://www.instituteforenergyresearch.org/renewable/environmental-impacts-of-lithium-ion-batteries; Oliver Schmid, Hochschule Karlsruhe, personal communication with REN21, 16 April 2024; SophiA, “Solar Technologies”, accessed April 2024, https://sophia4africa.eu/solar-technologies.115

Report Citation:
REN21. 2024. Renewables 2024 Global Status Report Collection, Renewables in Energy Demand

© 2024 All rights reserved REN21